( Izingxenye ze-Electronic IC Chips Amasekhethi Ahlanganisiwe IC ) XC7A75T-2FGG676I

Izimfanelo Zomkhiqizo

Bika Iphutha Lolwazi Lomkhiqizo

Buka Okufanayo

Amadokhumenti Nemidiya

Izigaba Zemvelo Nokuthekelisa

Isifunda esihlanganisiwe

Isekethe ehlanganisiwe noma isekethe ehlanganisiwe ye-monolithic (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-IC, i-chip, noma i-microchip) isethiamasekethe kagesiocezwini olulodwa oluyisicaba (noma “chip”) lwei-semiconductorimpahla, ngokuvamilei-silicon.Izinombolo ezinkulukwezincaneAma-MOSFET(i-metal-oxide-semiconductorama-transistors asebenzayo) hlanganisa ube yi-chip encane.Lokhu kubangela amasekhethi angama-oda obukhulu abe mancane, asheshayo, futhi angabizi kakhulu kunalawo akhiwe nge-discrete.izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi.Ama-ICukukhiqizwa ngobuningiamandla, ukwethembeka, kanye nendlela yokwakha-blockumklamo wesifunda ohlanganisiweuye waqinisekisa ukwamukelwa ngokushesha kwama-IC amisiwe esikhundleni semiklamo esebenzisa uhlakaama-transistors.Ama-IC manje asesetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izinto zikagesi futhi aseguqule umhlaba weelectronics.Amakhompyutha,omakhalekhukhwininokunyeizinto zikagesi zasendlinimanje ziyizingxenye ezingenakuhlukaniswa zesakhiwo semiphakathi yesimanje, okwenziwa kwaba nokwenzeka ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane nezindleko eziphansi zama-IC njengesimanjemanje.ama-computer processorsfuthiama-microcontroller.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwesilinganiso esikhulu kakhuluyenziwe yasebenza ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kuinsimbi-oxide-silicon(MOS)ukwenziwa kwedivayisi ye-semiconductor.Kusukela imvelaphi yawo ngeminyaka yawo-1960s, ubukhulu, isivinini, kanye nomthamo wama-chips kuthuthuke kakhulu, kuqhutshwa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe elingana nama-transistors amaningi e-MOS kuma-chips anosayizi ofanayo - i-chip yesimanje ingaba nezigidigidi eziningi zama-MOS transistors endaweni eyodwa. indawo elingana nozipho lomuntu.Lezi zintuthuko, cishe ezilandelayoUmthetho kaMoore, yenza ama-computer chips anamuhla abe nenani eliphindwe izikhathi eziyizigidi futhi isivinini esiphindwe ngezinkulungwane sama-computer asekuqaleni kwawo-1970.

Ama-IC anezinzuzo ezimbili eziyinhloko ngaphezuluizifunda ezihlukene: izindleko nokusebenza.Izindleko ziphansi ngoba ama-chips, nazo zonke izingxenye zawo, aphrintwa njengeyunithii-photolithographykunokuba zakhiwe i-transistor eyodwa ngesikhathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-IC apakishiwe asebenzisa impahla encane kakhulu kunesekhethi eqondile.Ukusebenza kuphezulu ngoba izingxenye ze-IC zishintsha ngokushesha futhi zisebenzisa amandla amancane ngokuqhathaniswa ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane nokusondelana.Ububi obukhulu bama-IC yizindleko eziphezulu zokuwaklama nokwenza okudingekayoama-photomasks.Lezi zindleko eziphezulu zasekuqaleni zisho ukuthi ama-IC asebenza ngokuhweba kuphela umaimiqulu ephezulu yokukhiqizazilindelwe.

Itemu[hlela]

Anisifunda esihlanganisiwekuchazwa ngokuthi:^[1]

Isekhethi lapho zonke noma ezinye zezinto zesekethe zihlotshaniswa ngokungenakuhlukaniswa futhi zixhumeke ngogesi ukuze kubhekwe njengengahlukaniseki ngezinjongo zokwakha nezohwebo.

Izifunda ezihlangabezana nale ncazelo zingakhiwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuningi obuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisaama-transistors amafilimu amancane,ubuchwepheshe befilimu obukhulu, nomaizifunda ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisiwe.Nokho, ukusetshenziswa jikeleleisifunda esihlanganisiweifike ekubhekiseni ekwakhiweni kwesekethe yesiqeshana esisodwa ekuqaleni eyaziwa ngokuthi aIsifunda esihlanganisiwe se-monolithic, evame ukwakhiwa phezu kocezu olulodwa lwe-silicon.^[2][3]

Umlando

Umzamo wangaphambi kwesikhathi wokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbalwa kudivayisi eyodwa (njengama-IC anamuhla) kwabaLowe 3NFvacuum tube kusukela ngawo-1920.Ngokungafani nama-IC, yaklanywa ngenhloso yokuthiukugwema intela, njengaseJalimane, abamukela imisakazo babenentela eyayikhokhiswa kuye ngokuthi isamukeli somsakazo sinamapayipi amangaki.Ivumele izamukeli zomsakazo ukuthi zibe nesibambi seshubhu esisodwa.

Imiqondo yokuqala yesifunda esihlanganisiwe ibuyela emuva ku-1949, lapho unjiniyela waseJalimaneWerner Jacobi^[4](I-Siemens AG)^[5]ufake ilungelo lobunikazi ledivayisi yokukhulisa isemiconductor edidiyelwe^[6]ekhombisa ezinhlanuama-transistorsku-substrate evamile esigabeni sesithathui-amplifierukuhlela.U-Jacobi udalule ezincane nezishibhileizinsiza zokuzwanjengezinto ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziswa yizimboni zelungelo lakhe lobunikazi.Ukusetshenziswa kwelungelo lobunikazi ngokushesha kwezentengiso akubikwanga.

Omunye umgqugquzeli wokuqala walo mqondo kwabaUGeoffrey Dummer(1909-2002), usosayensi we-radar osebenzela i-Ukusungulwa kwe-Royal RadaryamaNgisiUMnyango Wezokuvikela.U-Dummer wethule umbono emphakathini ku-Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components inWashington, DCngomhlaka 7 Meyi 1952.^[7]Wanikeza ama-symposia amaningi obala ukuze asakaze imibono yakhe futhi wazama ukwakha isifunda esinjalo ngo-1956. Phakathi kuka-1953 no-1957,Sidney Darlingtonkanye no-Yasuo Tarui (Electrotechnical Laboratory) ihlongoze imiklamo ye-chip efanayo lapho ama-transistors amaningana angabelana ngendawo evamile esebenzayo, kodwa kwakungekhoukuhlukaniswa kukagesiukubahlukanisa komunye nomunye.^[4]

I-monolithic edidiyelwe yesekethe chip inikwe amandla ukusungulwa kweinqubo ehleliwengeUJean Hoernifuthip–n ukuhlukaniswa kwe-junctionngeKurt Lehovec.Ukusungulwa kukaHoerni kwakhelwe phezu kwayoU-Mohamed M. Atallaumsebenzi we-surface passivation, kanye nomsebenzi ka-Fuller no-Ditzenberger wokusabalalisa ukungcola kwe-boron ne-phosphorus ku-silicon,UCarl Froschkanye nomsebenzi kaLincoln Derick mayelana nokuvikelwa kwendawo, kanyeChih-Tang SahUmsebenzi wokusabalalisa imaski nge-oxide.^[8]