2023, i-MCU yemoto ehlanya

01 Umlando wokukhula kwe-MCU

I-MCU, i-microcontroller, inegama elaziwayo: i-single-chip microcomputer.

Kuyindawo emnandi ngempela ukuhambisa isethi yesistimu yekhompiyutha eyisisekelo ku-chip, okuhlanganisa inguqulo yangaphakathi ye-CPU RAM ROM IO counter serial port, nakuba ukusebenza ngokuqinisekile akubanzi njengekhompyutha, kodwa amandla aphansi ahlelekayo futhi flexible, ngakho-ke ku-electronics yabathengi, ukuxhumana kwemboni yezokwelapha Izimoto zinezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo.

Yazalwa ngo-1971, i-Intel yaklama i-microprocessor yokuqala emhlabeni - inombolo engu-4004 4-bit chip, le chip ihlanganisa ama-transistors angaphezu kuka-2,000, kanti i-Intel iphinde yaklama ama-chips angu-4001, 4002, 4003, i-RAM, i-ROM namarejista.

Lapho le mikhiqizo emine ingena emakethe, u-Intel wabhala esikhangisweni esithi “Memezela inkathi entsha yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe: ama-microcomputer afingqiwe ku-chip eyodwa.”Ngaleso sikhathi, amakhompiyutha amancane nama-mainframes ikakhulukazi kwakungama-8-bit kanye ne-16-bit processors, ngakho-ke i-Intel ngokushesha yethula i-8-bit microprocessor 8008 ngo-1972 ukuze iwine ngokushesha imakethe, ivula inkathi yamakhompiyutha e-single-chip.

Ngo-1976, i-Intel yethula isilawuli sokuqala se-microcomputer esihlelekayo emhlabeni i-8748, esihlanganisa i-8-bit CPU, i-8-bit parallel I/O, ikhawunta engu-8-bit, i-RAM, i-ROM, njll., engahlangabezana nezidingo zokulawulwa kwezimboni jikelele kanye i-instrumentation, emelwe yi-8748, ivula ukuhlolwa kwama-microcomputer e-single-chip emkhakheni wezimboni.

Ngawo-1980s, amakhompiyutha angama-8-bit single-chip aqala ukuvuthwa, umthamo we-RAM kanye ne-ROM anda, ngokuvamile ngokuhlangana kwe-serial, amasistimu wokucubungula amazinga amaningi, izinto zokubala eziningi ze-16-bit, njll. Ngo-1983, i-Intel yethula i-MCS. -96 uchungechunge lwe-16-bit high-performance microcontrollers, nama-transistors ahlanganisiwe angu-120,000.

Kusukela ngawo-1990, i-single-chip microcomputer ingene esigabeni sezikole eziyikhulu zokucabanga, ekusebenzeni, isivinini, ukwethembeka, ukuhlanganiswa ekuqhakazeni okugcwele, ngokwenani lezingcezu zebhasi noma amarejista edatha, kusukela kumabhithi angu-4 okuqala. kancane kancane ithuthukiswe, inamakhompiyutha ayi-8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit kanye nama-64-bit single-chip microcomputer.

Njengamanje, isethi yeziyalezo zama-MCUs ihlukaniswe ikakhulukazi i-CISC ne-RISC, futhi ukwakheka okuyisisekelo ikakhulukazi i-ARM Cortex, i-Intel 8051 ne-RISC-V.

Ngokusho kwe-2020 China General Microcontroller (MCU) Market Brief, imikhiqizo engama-32-bit ye-MCU ifinyelela ku-55% wemakethe, ilandelwa yimikhiqizo engu-8-bit, ibalwa ngama-43%, imikhiqizo engu-4-bit ebalelwa ku-2%, 16. -bit imikhiqizo ebalwa ku-1%, kungabonakala ukuthi imikhiqizo evamile emakethe ingama-32-bit kanye ne-8-bit MCUs, futhi indawo yemakethe yemikhiqizo ye-16-bit ye-MCU iye yacindezelwa kakhulu.

Imikhiqizo yesethi yemiyalo ye-CISC ibalwe ku-24% wemakethe, imikhiqizo yesethi yemiyalo ye-RISC ibalwe ku-76% wemikhiqizo emakethe ejwayelekile;Imikhiqizo esemqoka ye-Intel 8051 ibalwa ku-22% wemakethe, ilandelwa yimikhiqizo ye-ARM Cortex-M0, ebalwa ngama-20%, imikhiqizo ye-ARM Cortex-M3 ibalwa u-14%, imikhiqizo ye-ARM Cortex-M4 ibalwa u-12%, imikhiqizo ye-ARM Cortex-M0+ ibalwa ku-5%, imikhiqizo ye-ARM Cortex-M23 ibalwa ku-1%, imikhiqizo eyinhloko ye-RISC-V ibalwa ku-1%, kanti eminye ibalwa ku-24%.Imikhiqizo ye-ARM Cortex-M0+ ibalwa ku-5%, imikhiqizo ye-ARM Cortex-M23 ibalwa ku-1%, imikhiqizo eyinhloko ye-RISC-V ibalwa ku-1%, kanti eminye ibalwa ku-24%.Sekukonke, ama-cores ochungechunge lwe-ARM Cortex enza ama-52% emakethe ejwayelekile.

Imakethe ye-MCU ibilokhu ibhekene nokwehla kwentengo okuphawulekayo eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, kodwa ukwehla kwenani lokuthengisa elimaphakathi (ASP) bekulokhu kwehla kancane kule minyaka emihlanu edlule.Ngemuva kokubhekana nokuwohloka embonini yezimoto, ubuthakathaka bomnotho womhlaba, kanye nenkinga yobhubhane, imakethe ye-MCU yaqala ukusimama ngo-2020. Ngokusho kwe-IC Insights, ukuthunyelwa kwe-MCU kukhuphuke ngo-8% ngo-2020, kanti ukuthunyelwa okuphelele kwe-MCU ngo-2021 kukhuphuke I-12%, irekhodi eliphakeme lezigidigidi ezingu-30.9, kanti ama-ASP nawo akhuphuke ngo-10%, ukwanda okuphezulu kakhulu eminyakeni engu-25.

I-IC Insights ilindele ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwe-MCU kufinyelele kumayunithi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-35.8 kule minyaka emihlanu ezayo, kanti ukuthengiswa okuphelele kwezigidigidi ezingama-27.2 zamarandi.Kulokhu, ukuthengiswa kwe-32-bit MCU kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-$ 20 billion ngezinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiwe lika-9.4%, ama-MCU angu-16-bit kulindeleke ukuthi afinyelele ku-$ 4.7 billion, kanti ama-MCU angu-4-bit akulindelekile ukuthi abonise ukukhula.

02 Imoto ye-MCU iyahlanya

I-Automotive electronics iyisimo esikhulu kunazo zonke sohlelo lokusebenza lwe-MCUs.I-IC Insights ilindele ukuthi ukuthengiswa kwe-MCU emhlabeni wonke kukhule ngo-10% kuye kwirekhodi lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-21.5 ngo-2022, kanti ama-MCU ezimoto akhula kakhulu kunezinye izimakethe eziningi.

Ngaphezulu kwama-40% okuthengiswa kwe-MCU kuvela kugesi wezimoto, kanti ukuthengiswa kwezimoto kwe-MCU kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule ku-CAGR ka-7.7% eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, kudlule ama-MCU enhloso evamile (7.3%).

Njengamanje, ama-MCU ezimoto ikakhulukazi ama-8-bit, 16-bit kanye namabhithi angama-32, futhi izingcezu ezihlukene zama-MCU adlala imisebenzi eyahlukene.

Ngokuqondile:

I-8-bit MCU isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yokulawula eyisisekelo, njengokulawula izihlalo, ama-air conditioner, amafeni, amawindi, namamojula okulawula iminyango.

I-16-bit MCU isetshenziswa kakhulu kumzimba ophansi, njengenjini, ibhuleki le-elekthronikhi, uhlelo lokumiswa kanye nezinye izinhlelo zamandla kanye nokudlulisa.

I-32-bit MCU ilingana nobuhlakani bezimoto futhi isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izimo zokusebenza ezihlakaniphile neziphephile ezinjengokuzijabulisa kwe-cockpit, i-ADAS, nokulawula umzimba.

Kulesi sigaba, ama-MCU angu-8-bit akhula ekusebenzeni kanye namandla enkumbulo, futhi ngokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezindleko zawo, angashintsha amanye ama-MCU angu-16-bit ezinhlelweni zokusebenza futhi abuye ahambisane ne-4-bit MCUs.I-32-bit MCU izodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu yokulawula eyinhloko kuwo wonke ama-architecture e-E/E yezimoto, engaphatha amayunithi e-ECU amane ahlakazekile kanye nebanga eliphakathi nendawo, futhi inani lokusetshenziswa lizoqhubeka nokukhula.

Isimo esingenhla senza i-16-bit MCU ibe sesimweni esingesihle neze, hhayi phezulu kodwa esiphansi, kodwa kwezinye izimo zohlelo lokusebenza, sisawusizo, njengezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile zezinhlelo ze-powertrain.

Ubuhlakani bezimoto buye bakhulisa kakhulu isidingo sama-MCU angama-32-bit, ngokuthengiswa kwezimoto ezingaphezu kwezingxenye ezintathu kwezine ezivela kuma-MCU angama-32 ngo-2021, okulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele cishe ku-$5.83 billion;Ama-MCU angu-16 azongenisa imali elinganiselwa ku-$1.34 billion;kanye nama-MCU angu-8-bit azokhiqiza imali elinganiselwa ku-$441 million, ngokombiko weMcClean.

Ezingeni lesicelo, i-infotainment iyisimo sohlelo lokusebenza esinokwenyuka okuphezulu kakhulu konyaka nonyaka ekuthengisweni kwezimoto ze-MCU, ngokukhula ngo-59% ngo-2021 uma kuqhathaniswa no-2020, kanye nokukhula kwemali engenayo ngo-20% ezimeni ezisele.

Manje konke ukulawulwa kwe-elekthronikhi kwemoto ukusebenzisa i-ECU (iyunithi yokulawula i-elekthronikhi), futhi i-MCU iyi-core control chip ECU, i-ECU ngayinye ine-MCU eyodwa okungenani, ngakho-ke isigaba samanje sokuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kokufakwa kukagesi okuhlakaniphile kwenze ukuba kube nesidingo Ukusetshenziswa kwemoto eyodwa ye-MCU ukwandisa.

Ngokusho kwedatha evela kuMnyango Wokucwaninga weKomidi Lochwepheshe Bezentengiselwano Zezimoto we-China Marketing Institute, isilinganiso senani lama-ECU athwalwa izimoto ezijwayelekile zikaphethiloli zendabuko ngu-70;inani lama-ECU athwalwa izimoto zikaphethiloli eziwubukhazikhazi bendabuko lingafinyelela ku-150 ngenxa yezidingo eziphakeme zokusebenza kwezihlalo, ukulawula okuphakathi nendawo nokuzijabulisa, ukuzinza komzimba nokuphepha;futhi isilinganiso senani lama-ECU athwalwa izimoto ezihlakaniphile angafinyelela ku-300 ngenxa yesofthiwe entsha kanye nezidingo ze-hardware zokushayela ukuzimela kanye nokushayela okusizwayo, okuhambisana nenani le-MCU elisetshenziswa izimoto ezingabodwa kuzophinde kufinyelele ngaphezu kuka-300.

Isidingo esinamandla sama-MCU kubakhiqizi bezimoto sibonakala ikakhulukazi ngo-2021, lapho kushoda ama-cores ngenxa yalolu bhubhane.Ngalowo nyaka, izinkampani eziningi zezimoto kwadingeka ukuthi zivale kafushane imigqa yokukhiqiza ngenxa yokuntuleka kwama-cores, kodwa ukuthengiswa kwama-MCU ezimoto kukhuphuke ngo-23% kuya ku-$7.6 billion, okuyirekhodi eliphezulu.

Iningi lama-chips ezimoto akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ama-wafers angama-intshi angu-8, abanye abakhiqizi abanjengo-TI kuya ku-12-intshi ukudluliselwa komugqa, i-IDM izophinde ibe yingxenye yesikhungo sokukhipha amandla, esilawulwa yi-MCU, cishe i-70% yomthamo we-TSMC. .Kodwa-ke, ibhizinisi lezimoto ngokwalo lilandisa ingxenye encane ye-TSMC, futhi i-TSMC igxile emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe benqubo ethuthukisiwe yama-electronics abathengi, ngakho-ke imakethe yezimoto ye-MCU iyindlala kakhulu.

Ukushoda kwama-chips ezimoto okuholwa yiyo yonke imboni ye-semiconductor nakho kungenise igagasi lokunwetshwa, izikhungo ezinkulu kanye nezitshalo ze-IDM ukuze zandise ukukhiqiza, kodwa okugxilwe kuzo kuhlukile.

I-TSMC Kumamoto plant kulindeleke ukuthi iqale ukusebenza ekupheleni kuka-2024, ngaphezu kwenqubo ye-22/28nm, izophinde inikeze izinqubo ze-12 ne-16nm, futhi isitshalo saseNanjing sizokwandisa ukukhiqizwa ku-28nm, ngamandla okukhiqiza nyanga zonke. izingcezu ezingu-40,000;

I-SMIC ihlela ukunweba ukukhiqizwa okungenani ngamawafa angama-45,000 angu-8-intshi kanye namawafa angu-10,000 angu-12-intshi ngo-2021, futhi yakhe umugqa wokukhiqiza ongu-12-intshi onamandla wenyanga wama-wafers angu-120,000 e-Lingang, egxile kuma-node angu-28nm nangaphezulu.

U-Huahong ulindele ukusheshisa ukunwetshwa komthamo wokukhiqiza wamayintshi angu-12 ukuze ube yizicucu ezingu-94,500 ngo-2022;

I-Renesas imemezele ukuthi ibambe iqhaza embonini ye-TSMC's Kumamoto ngenhloso yokwandisa ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi, futhi ihlose ukukhulisa ukuhlinzekwa kwezimoto ze-MCU ngo-50% ngo-2023, umthamo we-MCU osezingeni eliphezulu kulindeleke ukuthi ukhuphuke ngo-50% kanye nomthamo we-MCU ophansi cishe ngama-70%. uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphela kuka-2021.

I-STMicroelectronics izotshala ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.4 ngo-2022 ukuze kwandiswe, futhi ihlela ukuphinda kabili umthamo wezitshalo zayo zaseYurophu ngo-2025, ikakhulukazi ukukhulisa umthamo wama-intshi angu-12, kanye nomthamo wama-intshi angu-8, i-STMicroelectronics izothuthukisa ngokukhetha imikhiqizo engadingi i-12- ubuchwepheshe be-inch.

I-Texas Instruments izokwengeza izitshalo ezine ezintsha, imboni yokuqala kulindeleke ukuthi iqale ukusebenza ngo-2025, futhi izitshalo zesithathu nesine zizokwakhiwa phakathi kuka-2026 no-2030;

KU-Semiconductor yenyuse ukutshalwa kwezimali kwayo okukhulu kwafinyelela ku-12%, ikakhulukazi ekukhulisweni komthamo we-wafer wama-intshi angu-12.

Ukuqonda kwe-IC kunedatha ethokozisayo yokuthi i-ASP yawo wonke ama-MCU angama-32 yehla ku-CAGR ka--4.4% unyaka nonyaka phakathi kuka-2015 no-2020, kodwa ikhuphuka cishe ngo-13% yaya cishe ku-$0.72 ngo-2021. Kuboniswa emakethe yendawo , ukuguquguquka kwentengo ye-MCU yezimoto kubonakala kakhudlwana: i-NXP 32-bit MCU FS32K144HAT0MLH enenani elimile lama-$22 ikhuphuke yafinyelela ku-$550, uhla lwezikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-20, okwakungenye yama-chips ezimoto ayeyivelakancane ngaleso sikhathi.

I-Infineon 32-bit automotive MCU SAK-TC277TP-64F200N DC isikhuphukele kumayuan angu-4,500, okuwukunyuka cishe izikhathi eziyi-100, uchungechunge olufanayo lwe-SAK-TC275T-64F200N DC nalo lenyuke lafinyelela ngaphezu kwamayuan angu-2,000.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-elekthronikhi asekuqaleni ashisayo aqala ukuphola, isidingo esibuthakathaka, kanye nokusheshisa kokushintshwa kwasekhaya, okwenza inhloso evamile, amanani entengo ye-MCU abuyele phansi, amanye amamodeli we-ST chip afana ne-F0/F1/F3. amanani ochungechunge afika eduze nenani elivamile, futhi ngisho namahemuhemu emakethe okuthi intengo yamanye ama-MCU ehle ngentengo ye-ejensi.

Kodwa-ke, ama-MCU ezimoto afana ne-Renesas, i-NXP, i-Infineon, ne-ST asesesimeni sokushoda okuhlobene.Isibonelo, intengo yokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-ST ye-32-bit MCU STM32H743VIT6 ikhuphuke yaya kumayuan angama-600 ekupheleni konyaka odlule, kuyilapho intengo yayo yayingamayuan angama-48 kuphela eminyakeni emibili edlule.Ukwanda izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-10;I-Infineon Automotive MCU SAK-TC237LP-32F200N AC intengo yemakethe ngo-Okthoba wonyaka odlule cishe cishe ngama-$1200, uDisemba anikela ngokufika ku-$3800, futhi ngisho nakumawebhusayithi ezinkampani zangaphandle anikela ngaphezu kuka-$5000.

03 Imakethe inkulu, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kuncane

Isimo sokuncintisana se-MCU sibuswa iziqhwaga zaphesheya njengayo yonke indawo yokuncintisana yama-semiconductor.Ngo-2021, abathengisi abaphezulu abahlanu be-MCU bekuyi-NXP, iMicrochip, iRenesas, i-ST, ne-Infineon.Laba bathengisi abahlanu be-MCU babalelwa ku-82.1% wesamba sokuthengiswa komhlaba wonke, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-72.2% ngo-2016, nobukhulu bezinkampani eziyinhloko ezikhula eminyakeni edlule.

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-MCU yabathengi neyezimboni, umkhawulo wesitifiketi se-MCU sezimoto uphakeme futhi isikhathi sokuthola isitifiketi side, isistimu yesitifiketi ihlanganisa isitifiketi esijwayelekile se-ISO26262, i-AEC-Q001~004 kanye nesitifiketi esijwayelekile se-IATF16949, i-AEC-Q100/Q104 esezingeni le-ISO26 ukuphepha kokusebenza kwezimoto kuhlukaniswe ngamaleveli amane e-ASIL-A kuya ku-D. Isibonelo, i-chassis nezinye izimo zinezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuphepha futhi zidinga isitifiketi seleveli ye-ASIL-D, abakhiqizi bama-chip abambalwa abangahlangabezana nemibandela.

Ngokusho kwedatha ye-Strategy Analysis, imakethe yezimoto ye-MCU yomhlaba wonke neyasekhaya ithathwa kakhulu yi-NXP, Renesas, Infineon, Texas Instruments, Microchip, enesabelo semakethe esingu-85%.Yize ama-MCU angama-32-bit esaphethwe yiziqhwaga zaphesheya kwezilwandle, ezinye izinkampani zasekhaya sezihambile.

04 Isiphetho

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezimoto zikagesi ezihlakaniphile, ngakho-ke inqwaba yabenzi bama-chip abathengi bajoyine, njenge-Nvidia, i-Qualcomm, i-Intel bebekade bekwi-cockpit ehlakaniphile, ukuphumelela kwe-chip yokushayela okuzimele, ukucindezela indawo yokusinda yabakhiqizi be-chip bezimoto ezindala.Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-MCU ezimoto sekusukile ekugxileni ekuzithuthukiseni nasekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwaya emqhudelwaneni wawo wonke wokunciphisa izindleko kuyilapho kugcinwa izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe.

Ngokwakhiwa kwezimoto kwe-E / E kusukela ekusakazeni kuya ekulawuleni isizinda, futhi ekugcineni kufinyelele ekuhlanganisweni okuphakathi, kuzoba ne-chip esebenzayo eminingi futhi elula esezingeni eliphansi izothathelwa indawo, ukusebenza okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu wekhompiyutha kanye nokunye okuphezulu. ama-chips azoba okugxilwe kukho komncintiswano we-chip wezimoto wesikhathi esizayo, njengoba indima enkulu yokulawula ye-MCU ngokuncishiswa kwenombolo ye-ECU yesikhathi esizayo incane kakhulu, njenge-Tesla chassis control ECU, eyodwa iqukethe 3-4 MCU, kodwa umsebenzi othile olula i-MCU eyisisekelo izohlanganiswa.Sekukonke, imakethe yama-MCU ezimoto kanye nesikhala sokushintshwa kwasekhaya eminyakeni ezayo sikhulu ngokungangabazeki.