Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izinhlelo zokusabalalisa amandla (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi amagridi) beziwumthombo oyinhloko kagesi emhlabeni.Uma la magridi enziwa, asebenza kalula nje - aphehla ugesi futhi awuthumele ezindlini, ezakhiweni, nanoma yikuphi lapho kunesidingo khona kagesi.
Kodwa njengoba isidingo sikagesi sikhula, kudingeka igridi esebenza kahle kakhulu.Amasistimu okusabalalisa amandla esimanje “egridi ehlakaniphile” manje asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ancike kubuchwepheshe besimanje ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle.Leli phepha lihlola incazelo yegridi ehlakaniphile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko obuyenza ihlakaniphe.
Yiniubuchwepheshe begridi ehlakaniphile?
Igridi ehlakaniphile ingqalasizinda yokusabalalisa amandla enikeza ukuxhumana okubili phakathi kwabahlinzeki bezinsiza namakhasimende.Ubuchwepheshe bedijithali obunika amandla ubuchwepheshe begridi ehlakaniphile buhlanganisa izinzwa zamandla/zamanje, izisetshenziswa zokulawula, izikhungo zedatha namamitha ahlakaniphile.
Amanye amagridi ahlakaniphile ahlakaniphe kunamanye.Amazwe amaningi agxile emzamweni omkhulu ekuguquleni amagridi okusabalalisa aphelelwe yisikhathi abe amagridi ahlakaniphile, kodwa uguquko luyinkimbinkimbi futhi luzothatha iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka.
Izibonelo zobuchwepheshe begridi ehlakaniphile nezingxenye zegridi ehlakaniphile
Amamitha ahlakaniphile – Amamitha ahlakaniphile ayisinyathelo sokuqala sokwakha igridi ehlakaniphile.Amamitha ahlakaniphile ahlinzeka ngedatha yendawo yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kumakhasimende nabakhiqizi bezinsiza.Bahlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla nolwazi lwezindleko ukuze baxwayise abasebenzisi ukuthi banciphise ukumosheka kwamandla futhi basize abahlinzeki bathuthukise imithwalo yokusabalalisa kuyo yonke igridi.Amamitha ahlakaniphile ngokuvamile ahlanganisa amasistimu angaphansi amathathu ayinhloko: isistimu yamandla yokulinganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, isilawuli esincane sokuphatha ubuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwemitha ehlakaniphile, kanye nesistimu yokuxhumana yokuthumela nokwamukela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla/idatha yokuyala.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amamitha ahlakaniphile angaba namandla okulondoloza (uma ulayini wokusabalalisa omkhulu uphansi) kanye namamojula e-GSM ukuze akhombe indawo yemitha ngezinjongo zokuphepha.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali komhlaba wonke kumamitha ahlakaniphile kuphindeke kabili kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.Ngo-2014, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwaminyaka yonke emhlabeni wonke kuma-smart metres kwakungu-$11 million.Ngokusho kwe-Statista, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamamitha ahlakaniphile emhlabeni wonke kufinyelela ku-$21 million ngo-2019, kucatshangelwa izinzuzo zesistimu ngokusebenza kwamamitha ahlakaniphile.
Amaswishi okulawula ukulayisha okuhlakaniphile namabhodi okushintshanisa okusabalalisa - Nakuba amamitha ahlakaniphile anganikeza idatha yesikhathi sangempela kubahlinzeki bezinsiza, awalawuleki ngokuzenzakalelayo ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla phakathi nezikhathi zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu noma ezindaweni ezithile, izinsiza zikagesi zisebenzisa amadivayisi okuphatha amandla njengamaswishi okulawula umthwalo ohlakaniphile namabhodi okushintsha.Lobu buchwepheshe busindisa amanani abalulekile wamandla ngokunciphisa ukusatshalaliswa okungadingekile noma ukuphatha ngokuzenzakalela imithwalo eyeqe imikhawulo yesikhathi evunyelwe ukusetshenziswa.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla phakathi nezikhathi zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu noma ezindaweni ezithile, izinsiza zikagesi zisebenzisa amadivayisi okuphatha amandla njengamaswishi okulawula umthwalo ohlakaniphile namabhodi okushintsha.Lobu buchwepheshe busindisa amanani abalulekile wamandla ngokunciphisa ukusatshalaliswa okungadingekile noma ukuphatha ngokuzenzakalela imithwalo eyeqe imikhawulo yesikhathi evunyelwe ukusetshenziswa.
Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lase-Wadsworth, e-Ohio, lisebenzisa uhlelo lokusatshalaliswa kukagesi olwakhiwa ngo-1916. Idolobha laseWadsworth lihlanganyele no-Iron, umkhiqizi kagesi.Izinguquko Zokulawula Ukulayisha Okuhlakaniphile(SLCS), ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi wesistimu ngamahora angu-5,300 megawatt ngokufaka i-SLCS ezindlini ukuze kujikelezwe ama-compressor afaka umoya phakathi nezikhathi zokusetshenziswa kukagesi.I-Power System Automation - Ukuzishintsha kwesistimu yamandla kunikwe amandla ubuchwepheshe begridi ehlakaniphile, kusetshenziswa ingqalasizinda ye-IT yesimanje ukulawula zonke izixhumanisi echungechungeni lokusabalalisa.Isibonelo, amasistimu wamandla azenzakalelayo asebenzisa amasistimu wokuqoqwa kwedatha ahlakaniphile (afana nalawo amamitha ahlakaniphile), amasistimu okulawula amandla (njengamaswishi okulawula umthwalo ahlakaniphile), amathuluzi okuhlaziya, amasistimu ekhompuyutha, nama-algorithms esistimu yamandla.Inhlanganisela yalezi zingxenye ezibalulekile ivumela igridi (noma amagridi amaningi) ukuthi izilungise ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi izilungiselele ngokusebenzisana kwabantu okulinganiselwe okudingekayo.
Ukusebenzisa Igridi Ehlakaniphile
Lapho ubuchwepheshe bedijithali, ukuxhumana kwezindlela ezimbili kanye nobuchwepheshe obuzenzakalelayo busetshenziswa kugridi ehlakaniphile, izinguquko eziningi zengqalasizinda zizokhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwegridi.Ukuqaliswa kwe-Smart Grid kunikeze amandla izinguquko ezilandelayo zengqalasizinda:
1.Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okusabalalisa amandla
Ngenxa yokuthi igridi ehlakaniphile ingahlala iqapha futhi ilawule ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla, asisekho isidingo sesikhungo esisodwa esikhulu samandla ukuze sikhiqize ugesi.Esikhundleni salokho, ugesi ungakhiqizwa iziteshi eziningi zamandla ahlukaniswe amandla, njengezinjini zomoya, amapulazi elanga, amaphaneli elanga okuhlala ama-photovoltaic, amadamu amancane kagesi, njll.
2.Imakethe ehlukene
Ingqalasizinda yegridi ehlakaniphile iphinde isekele ukuxhunywa kwamagridi amaningi njengendlela yokwabelana ngamandla ngobuhlakani kuzo zonke izinhlelo ezijwayelekile ezimaphakathi.Isibonelo, esikhathini esedlule, omasipala babenezindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlukene ezazingaxhunywe komasipala abangomakhelwane.Ngokuqaliswa kwengqalasizinda yegridi ehlakaniphile, omasipala bangakwazi ukufaka isandla ohlelweni lokukhiqiza ngokuhlanganyela ukuze kuqedwe ukuncika ekukhiqizeni uma kwenzeka kunqamuka ugesi.
3.Ukudluliswa kwezinga elincane
Enye yezinto ezinkulu ezimosha amandla kugridi ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla ezindaweni ezikude.Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi amagridi ahlakaniphile ahlukanisa ukukhiqiza nezimakethe, ibanga lokusabalalisa inetha ngaphakathi kwegridi ehlakaniphile lincishiswa kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukusabalalisa imfucuza.Cabanga nje ngepulazi elincane lomphakathi eliphehla ugesi welanga eliphehla u-100% wezidingo zikagesi zasemini zomphakathi, eliqhele ngekhilomitha nje elilodwa.Ngaphandle kwepulazi lendawo lelanga, umphakathi ungase udinge ukuthola amandla esikhungweni sikagesi esikhulu esiqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-100.Ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okubonwa ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa okuvela ezitshalweni zamandla ezikude kungase kube kukhulu ngokuphindwe kayikhulu kunokulahlekelwa kokudluliswa okubonwa emapulazini endawo elanga.
4.Ukusabalalisa ngezindlela ezimbili
Endabeni yamapulazi elanga lendawo, kungase kube nesimo lapho ipulazi lelanga lingakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla amaningi kunokuba umphakathi udla, ngaleyo ndlela udale i-surplus yamandla.Lawa mandla engeziwe angabe esesatshalaliswa kugridi ehlakaniphile, esiza ukwehlisa isidingo esivela ezitshalweni zamandla ezikude.
Kulesi simo, amandla ageleza esuka epulazini lelanga ukuya kugridi eyinhloko engeyona yomphakathi emini, kodwa lapho ipulazi lelanga lingasebenzi, amandla ageleza esuka kugridi eyinhloko eya kulowo mphakathi.Lokhu kugeleza kwamandla okuqondiswa kabili kungagadwa futhi kulungiselelwe ama-algorithms wokusabalalisa amandla ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inani elincane lamandla liyamoshwa noma kunini phakathi nokusetshenziswa.
5.Ukubamba iqhaza komsebenzisi
Kungqalasizinda yegridi ehlakaniphile enokusabalalisa okukabili kanye nemingcele yegridi ehlukaniselwe indawo, abasebenzisi bayakwazi ukusebenza njengamajeneretha amancane.Isibonelo, amakhaya ngamanye angahlonyiswa ngezinhlelo zelanga ezizimele ze-photovoltaic ezikhiqiza ugesi uma zisetshenziswa.Uma uhlelo lokuhlala lwe-PV lukhiqiza amandla amaningi, lawa mandla angalethwa kugridi enkulu, okuqhubeka nokunciphisa isidingo sezitshalo ezinkulu zamandla aphakathi nendawo.
Ukubaluleka Kwegridi Ehlakaniphile
Ezingeni le-macroeconomic, amagridi ahlakaniphile abalulekile ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kukagesi.Abahlinzeki bezinsiza eziningi bendawo kanye nohulumeni banikeza izinyathelo ezinonya nezinolaka ukuze babambe iqhaza ekwamukelweni kwamagridi ahlakaniphile ngoba azuzisa ngokwezimali nangokwemvelo.Ngokwamukela igridi ehlakaniphile, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kungahlukaniswa, ngaleyo ndlela kuqedwe ingozi yokucinywa kukagesi, kwehliswe izindleko zokusebenza kwesistimu kagesi, futhi kuqedwe ukumosheka kwamandla okungadingekile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-15-2023