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Kungani i-silicon ye-monocrystalline isetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-chip?
Umbhali: harry4112
Isixhumanisi: https://www.zhihu.com/question/515054180/answer/2337519553
Umthombo: Zhihu
I-copyright ingeyombhali.Sicela uxhumane nombhali ukuze uthole ukugunyazwa kokuphrinta kabusha kwezentengiso, futhi usho umthombo wokuphrinta kabusha okungekona okokuthengisa.

Kungani izintambo zidinga izikhumba zepulasitiki?Awukwazi ukusebenzisa ucingo lwethusi olungenalutho?Ngoba ngaphandle kwesikhumba sepulasitiki esiwahlukanisayo, ucingo lukwazi ukudonsa ugesi kalula lapho luthinta ezinye izinto futhi lungakwazi ukuthumela umsinga, noma kuthiwani uma luqinile futhi lushaya othile ugesi?Kuthiwani uma izintambo ezengeziwe ezingezona e-conductive kufanele zenziwe ngepulasitiki?Hhayi ngokuphelele, izintambo zokuqala zisonge ilineni, i-brush tung oil (futhi manje, i-enameled wire), ezindaweni ezithile, kucatshangelwa izindleko, ikhono lokuhlukanisa ugesi, njll., noma ngisho noma ufuna, ungasebenzisa i-silicon. , i-silicon dioxide yokwenza ukuzihlukanisa, yebo, lezi ezimbili ziyizinto eziqinile eziphukayo, zilungele kuphela intambo ekhiqiziwe, engakaze ilingane neselula, elungele intambo yangaphakathi ye-chip kulesi sigameko.

Lokhu okungenhla kungenzeka nge-silicon ne-silicon dioxide ukuze kuhlukaniswe ucingo lwama-chips.Yebo, okunye ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwama-silicon substrates kuma-chips wukuhlukaniswa, okufana nokusetshenziswa kwezikhumba zepulasitiki zezintambo, ezikhiqizwa ngokuhlehla kuphela.Izintambo zinezintambo zethusi ezingenalutho ngaphambi kokuba zidwetshwe ngezikhumba zepulasitiki;ama-chips anezikhumba ezikhona ze-silicon ngaphambi kokuthi zendlalwe (ziputshulwe) ngezintambo zethusi ezingenalutho.

Kungani i-silicon eyodwa ye-crystal?Izizathu ezimbili, okokuqala, kufanele zibe msulwa kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke zifakwe insulated ngenxa ye-conductivity yomhlanganyeli futhi ngeke zinikeze i-pre-material ethile yesizukulwane esilandelayo se-semiconductor junction.Kuyaqondakala lokhu, akunjalo?Ufuna ukwenza ukuhlangana kwe-PN endaweni ethile, kodwa sekuvele kukhona ama-athomu e-phosphorus ambalwa aphatheke kabi kuleyo ndawo futhi isivele iyisakhiwo sohlobo lwe-N, ngakho-ke ufuna ukuyishintsha ibe uhlobo lwe-P?Kulula ukusuka kokuhlanzekile uye kokungafani, kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukusuka kokungafani kuya kokuhlanzekile, ngakho-ke uqala nge-silicon ehlanzekile kakhulu.Kungani ingeke ibe yi-polycrystalline silicon?Kuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwezixhumanisi ze-PN (kungase kube neminye imiklamo, emelwe yi-PN) futhi.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlangana kwe-PN kuncane kakhulu ngenqubo yokuhlanganisa kanye nezici zesekethe eziwumphumela, ezidinga ukuthotshelwa kwe-100% nezidingo zedizayini, ziqinisekiswa kahle uma zingekho iziphambeko ze-lattice, zingaki "ukungcola" okuxutshwe kukho, nokuthi yikuphi ugesi izici ziyatholakala.

Lapho kukhona ukukhubazeka kwe-lattice, lokhu akunjalo ngempela.Amaphutha e-lattice ku-polysilicon afana nemigodi esesisekelweni, futhi makhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke lapho i-asphalt ibekwa, impendulo kagesi ayifani nakwezinye izindawo.Iba ngu-1!Ingabe le logic yesekethe isalungile?Ngokunwetshwa, ingabe ezinye izinto zingasetshenziswa?Ingabe i-polycrystalline ingasetshenziswa?Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, noma lapho ingantekenteke kangako (amandla aqinile, ingqondo engeyona ebuthakathaka), kuyenzeka noma kuyaphenywa.Isibonelo, i-silicon ine-doped ngokweqile kwezinye imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu, i-ultra-low voltage, izimo zamanje eziphezulu kakhulu, ezingafaneleki kakhulu, bese kuba nezinye izinto ezikhethekile ze-silicon germanium, i-gallium nezinye izinto zereferensi, ngisho ne-substrate i-chip, ama-solar panel ngoba okuyinhloko ukuhlinzeka ngogesi oqinile, ungakhathazeki kakhulu ngomehluko we-voltage kancane kakhulu, yiqiniso, kunezindleko, eziningi zazo ziyi-polycrystalline silicon.Ngokuqondene nezinye izinto, emva kwakho konke, i-silicon ikhona yonke indawo futhi idinga ukuhlanzwa kuphela.Ezinye izinto, okunzima ukuzithola zombili, nazo zidinga ukuhlanzwa.