Isitoko esisha sangempela soqobo se-IC I-Electronic Components I-Ic Chip Support BOM Service DS90UB953TRHBRQ1

1. Kungani i-silicon yama-chips?Ingabe zikhona izinto ezingayishintsha esikhathini esizayo?
Impahla eluhlaza yama-chips ama-wafers, akhiwe nge-silicon.Kunombono oyiphutha wokuthi "isihlabathi singasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-chips", kodwa akunjalo.Ingxenye yamakhemikhali eyinhloko yesihlabathi i-silicon dioxide, futhi ingxenye yamakhemikhali eyinhloko yengilazi nama-wafers nayo i-silicon dioxide.Nokho, umehluko wukuthi ingilazi iyi-silicon ye-polycrystalline, futhi ukushisa isihlabathi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuveza i-polycrystalline silicon.Ama-wafers, ngakolunye uhlangothi, angama-silicon e-monocrystalline, futhi uma enziwe ngesihlabathi adinga ukushintshwa ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka ku-polycrystalline silicon kuya ku-silicon ye-monocrystalline.

Iyini ngempela i-silicon futhi kungani ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-chips, sizokwembula lokhu kulesi sihloko ngamunye ngamunye.

Into yokuqala okudingeka siyiqonde ukuthi impahla ye-silicon ayikona ukugxuma okuqondile kusinyathelo se-chip, i-silicon icwengisiswa kusuka esihlabathini se-quartz ngaphandle kwe-silicon ye-element, inombolo ye-silicon element ye-proton kune-element aluminium eyodwa ngaphezulu, kune-element phosphorus eyodwa kancane. , akusona nje isisekelo esiphathekayo semishini yesimanje ye-electronic computing kodwa futhi abantu abafuna ukuphila kwangaphandle kweplanethi enye yezinto eziyisisekelo ezingaba khona.Imvamisa, lapho i-silicon ihlanzwa futhi yacwengwa (99.999%), ingakhiqizwa ibe ama-wafers e-silicon, abese esikwa abe ama-wafers.Ukuthi i-wafer ibe mncane, zinciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza i-chip, kodwa ziba phezulu izidingo zenqubo ye-chip.

Izinyathelo ezintathu ezibalulekile ekuguquleni i-silicon ibe ama-wafers

Ngokukhethekile, ukuguqulwa kwe-silicon ibe ama-wafers kungahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezintathu: ukucwenga nokuhlanzwa kwe-silicon, ukukhula kwe-silicon eyodwa ye-crystal, kanye nokwakheka kwe-wafer.

Emvelweni, i-silicon ngokuvamile itholakala ngesimo se-silicate noma i-silicon dioxide esihlabathini nakumatshe.Izinto ezingavuthiwe zifakwa esithandweni se-arc kagesi ku-2000 ° C futhi phambi komthombo wekhabhoni, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lisetshenziselwa ukusabela i-silicon dioxide ne-carbon (SiO2 + 2C = Si + 2CO) ukuze uthole i-silicon yebanga le-metallurgical (SiO2 + 2C = Si + 2CO) ubumsulwa cishe 98%).Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlanzeka akwanele ekulungiseleleni izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, ngakho-ke kufanele kuhlanjululwe ngokuqhubekayo.I-silicon yebanga le-metallurgical echotshoziwe igcotshwa nge-gaseous hydrogen chloride ukuze kukhiqizwe i-silane eyi-liquid, bese igaywa futhi incishiswe ngamakhemikhali ngenqubo ekhiqiza i-polysilicon ehlanzekile enobumsulwa obungu-99.999999999% njenge-silicon yebanga le-electronic.

Ngakho-ke uthola kanjani i-silicon ye-monocrystalline kusuka ku-silicon ye-polycrystalline?Indlela evame kakhulu yindlela yokudonsa eqondile, lapho i-polysilicon ifakwa ku-quartz crucible futhi ishiswa ngokushisa kwe-1400 ° C egcinwe endaweni ezungezile, ekhiqiza i-polysilicon encibilika.Yiqiniso, lokhu kwandulelwa ngokucwilisa ikristalu yembewu kuyo futhi ibe nenduku yokudweba ithwale ikristalu yembewu iye kolunye uhlangothi kuyilapho idonsa kancane futhi iqonde phezulu isuka ku-silicon iyancibilika.I-polycrystalline silicon encibilika inamathela phansi kwekristalu yembewu futhi ikhule iye phezulu ibheke endaweni ye-crystal lattice yembewu, okuthi ngemva kokukhishwa futhi ipholiswe ikhule ibe ibha yekristalu eyodwa enomumo ofanayo ne-lattice njengekristalu lembewu yangaphakathi.Ekugcineni, amawafa anekristalu eyodwa ayawa, ayasikwa, agaywe, acwebezelwe, futhi aphucuziwe ukuze kukhiqizwe amawafa abaluleke kakhulu.

Ngokuya ngosayizi osikiwe, ama-wafers e-silicon angahlukaniswa njengo-6 ", 8", 12", no-18".Uma usayizi we-wafer umkhulu, ama-chips amaningi angasikwa ku-wafer ngayinye, futhi izindleko zehle ze-chip ngayinye.
2.Izinyathelo ezintathu ezibalulekile ekuguquleni i-silicon ibe ama-wafers

Ngokukhethekile, ukuguqulwa kwe-silicon ibe ama-wafers kungahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezintathu: ukucwenga nokuhlanzwa kwe-silicon, ukukhula kwe-silicon eyodwa ye-crystal, kanye nokwakheka kwe-wafer.

Emvelweni, i-silicon ngokuvamile itholakala ngesimo se-silicate noma i-silicon dioxide esihlabathini nakumatshe.Izinto ezingavuthiwe zifakwa esithandweni se-arc kagesi ku-2000 ° C futhi phambi komthombo wekhabhoni, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lisetshenziselwa ukusabela i-silicon dioxide ne-carbon (SiO2 + 2C = Si + 2CO) ukuthola i-silicon yebanga le-metallurgical ( ubumsulwa mayelana 98%).Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlanzeka akwanele ekulungiseleleni izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, ngakho-ke kufanele kuhlanjululwe ngokuqhubekayo.I-silicon yebanga le-metallurgical echotshoziwe igcotshwa nge-gaseous hydrogen chloride ukuze kukhiqizwe i-silane eyi-liquid, bese igaywa futhi incishiswe ngamakhemikhali ngenqubo ekhiqiza i-polysilicon ehlanzekile enobumsulwa obungu-99.999999999% njenge-silicon yebanga le-electronic.

Ngakho-ke uthola kanjani i-silicon ye-monocrystalline kusuka ku-silicon ye-polycrystalline?Indlela evame kakhulu yindlela yokudonsa eqondile, lapho i-polysilicon ifakwa ku-quartz crucible futhi ishiswa ngokushisa kwe-1400 ° C egcinwe endaweni ezungezile, ekhiqiza i-polysilicon encibilika.Yiqiniso, lokhu kwandulelwa ngokucwilisa ikristalu yembewu kuyo futhi ibe nenduku yokudweba ithwale ikristalu yembewu iye kolunye uhlangothi kuyilapho idonsa kancane futhi iqonde phezulu isuka ku-silicon iyancibilika.I-polycrystalline silicon encibilika inamathela phansi kwekristalu yembewu futhi ikhule iye phezulu ibheke endaweni ye-crystal lattice yembewu, okuthi ngemva kokukhishwa futhi ipholiswe ikhule ibe ibha yekristalu eyodwa enomumo ofanayo ne-lattice njengekristalu lembewu yangaphakathi.Ekugcineni, amawafa anekristalu eyodwa ayawa, ayasikwa, agaywe, acwebezelwe, futhi aphucuziwe ukuze kukhiqizwe amawafa abaluleke kakhulu.

Ngokuya ngosayizi osikiwe, ama-wafers e-silicon angahlukaniswa njengo-6 ", 8", 12", no-18".Uma usayizi we-wafer umkhulu, ama-chips amaningi angasikwa ku-wafer ngayinye, futhi izindleko zehle ze-chip ngayinye.

Kungani i-silicon iyinto efanelekile kakhulu yokwenza ama-chips?

Ngokwethiyori, wonke ama-semiconductors angasetshenziswa njengezinto ze-chip, kodwa izizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani i-silicon iyimpahla efanelekile kakhulu yokwenza ama-chips yilezi ezilandelayo.

1, ngokwezinga lokuqukethwe kwezakhi zomhlaba, ngokulandelana: i-oxygen > i-silicon > i-aluminium > insimbi > i-calcium > i-sodium > i-potassium ...... ingabona ukuthi i-silicon ibekwe endaweni yesibili, okuqukethwe kukhulu, okuvumela futhi chip ukuze ibe nokutholakala okucishe kungapheli kwezinto zokusetshenziswa.

2, izakhiwo ze-silicon element zamakhemikhali nezinto ezibonakalayo zizinzile kakhulu, i-transistor yokuqala ukusetshenziswa kwe-semiconductor materials germanium ukwenza, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa lidlula ama-75 ℃, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity kuzoba ushintsho olukhulu, okwenziwa kwaba ukuhlangana kwe-PN ngemva kokuhlehla. ukuvuza kwamanje kwe-germanium kune-silicon, ngakho ukukhethwa kwesici se-silicon njengento ye-chip kufaneleka kakhulu;

3, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza izakhi ze-silicon buvuthiwe, futhi izindleko eziphansi, namuhla ukuhlanzwa kwe-silicon kungafinyelela ku-99.9999999999%.

4, impahla ye-silicon ngokwayo ayinabo ubuthi futhi ayinabungozi, futhi okungesinye sezizathu ezibalulekile zokuthi kungani ikhethwa njengento yokukhiqiza yama-chips.