I-IWR6843ARQGALPR isitoko esisha nesoqobo se-Electronic Components Integrated Circuits Microcontroller IC Chips

Uhambo lukaSilicon ukuya phezulu
Ibhizinisi elihlulekile: Kuthiwa u-Shockley wabona ithuba elikhulu lemakethe ngesikhathi kungekho muntu owayesephumelele ukwenza i-silicon transistor;yingakho ashiya iBell Labs ngo-1956 wayovula eyakhe inkampani eCalifornia.Ngeshwa, u-Shockley wayengeyena usomabhizinisi osezingeni eliphezulu futhi ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi lakhe kwaba umsebenzi oyisiwula uma kuqhathaniswa namakhono akhe ezifundweni.Ngakho uShockley ngokwakhe akazange afeze isifiso sokushintsha i-germanium nge-silicon, futhi isiteji sempilo yakhe yonke kwakuyinkundla yesikhulumi eNyuvesi yaseStanford.Ngemva konyaka yasungulwa, izinsizwa eziyisishiyagalombili ezinamathalente ayeziqashile zahlubuka kuye ngobuningi, futhi kwakungamambuka “ayisishiyagalombili” okwakufanele afeze isifiso sokushintsha i-germanium nge-silicon.

Ukuphakama kwe-silicon transistor

Ngaphambi kokuthi i-Eight Renegades isungule i-Fairchild Semiconductor, ama-germanium transistors ayeyimakethe ehamba phambili yama-transistors, cishe ama-transistors ayizigidi ezingama-30 akhiqizwa e-United States ngo-1957, yisigidi esisodwa kuphela sama-silicon transistors kanye nama-germanium transistors acishe abe yizigidi ezingama-29.Ngesabelo semakethe esingama-20%, i-Texas Instruments yaba nkulu emakethe ye-transistor.

Amakhasimende amakhulu kunawo wonke emakethe, uhulumeni wase-US namasosha, afuna ukusebenzisa ama-chip ngobuningi kumarokhethi nemicibisholo, okwandisa umthwalo obalulekile wokwethulwa kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuthembeka kwamatheminali okulawula.Kodwa ama-transistors azochayeka ezimeni zokusebenza ezinzima ezibangelwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu nokudlidliza okunodlame.

I-Germanium ingeyokuqala ukulahlekelwa uma kuziwa ezingeni lokushisa: ama-germanium transistors angakwazi ukumelana nezinga lokushisa elingu-80°C kuphela, kuyilapho izidingo zamasosha ziwumsebenzi ozinzile ngisho naku-200°C.Okuwukuphela kwengakwazi ukumelana nalokhu kushisa yi-silicon transistor.
U-Sendong usungule inqubo yokwenza ama-silicon transistors, awenze abe lula futhi asebenze njengezincwadi eziphrintiwe, futhi ashibhe kakhulu kunama-germanium transistors ngokwenani.Inqubo kaFairchild yokwenza ama-silicon transistors yayinzima kanje.

Okokuqala, isakhiwo sidwetshwa ngesandla, ngezinye izikhathi sibe sikhulu kangangokuthi sithatha udonga, bese umdwebo uthwetshulwa futhi uncishiswe ube ishidi elincane elikhanyayo, ngokuvamile elinemizila emibili yamashidi amathathu, ngamunye omele ungqimba lokujikeleza.

Okwesibili, ungqimba lwento ezwela ukukhanya lusetshenziswa kusinkwa esiyisinkwa se-silicon esisikiwe nesiphucuziwe, futhi i-UV/laser isetshenziselwa ukuvikela iphethini yesekethi eshidini lokukhanyisa ingene kusicwecwana se-silicon.

Okwesithathu, izindawo nemigqa engxenyeni emnyama yeshidi le-transillumination ishiya amaphethini angaveziwe ku-wafer ye-silicon;lawa maphethini angadalulwanga ahlanzwa ngesisombululo se-asidi, futhi noma ukungcola kwe-semiconductor kuyengezwa (isu lokusabalalisa) noma ama-conductors ensimbi afakwe.

Okwesine, ukuphinda izinyathelo ezintathu ezingenhla ku-wafer ngayinye ekhanyayo, izinombolo ezinkulu zama-transistors zingatholakala kuma-silicon wafers, asikwa izisebenzi zabesifazane ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu bese zixhunywa ezintanjeni, bese ziyapakishwa, zihlolwe, futhi zidayiswe.

Njengoba kunenani elikhulu lama-silicon transistors emakethe, i-Fairchild, eyasungulwa ngabakwa-Eight Traitors, yayiphakathi kwezinkampani ezazikwazi ukuma eceleni kwama-giants afana ne-Texas Instruments.
Umshayeli obalulekile - Intel
Kwaba ukusungulwa okwalandela kwesekethe ehlanganisiwe eyafingqa ukubusa kwe-germanium.Ngaleso sikhathi kwakunemigqa yobuchwepheshe emibili, eyodwa yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe kuma-germanium chips avela e-Texas Instruments kanye nowodwa wamasekethe ahlanganisiwe kuma-silicon chips avela ku-Fairchild.Ekuqaleni, lezi zinkampani ezimbili zaba nengxabano eshubile mayelana nobunikazi bamalungelo obunikazi kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe, kodwa kamuva Ihhovisi Lelungelo Lobunikazi labona ubunikazi bamalungelo obunikazi kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe yizinkampani zombili.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba inqubo kaFairchild yayithuthuke kakhulu, yaba indinganiso yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe futhi isaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa nanamuhla.Kamuva, uNoyce, umsunguli wesekethe edidiyelwe, kanye noMoore, umsunguli we-Moore's Law, bashiya i-Centron Semiconductor, okwathi, ngeshwa, bobabili babengamalungu "Eight Traitors".Bekanye noGrove, basungula inkampani manje eyinkampani enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yama-semiconductor chip - i-Intel.
Ekuthuthukisweni okwalandela, i-Intel yaphusha ama-silicon chips.Ishaye i-Texas Instruments, i-Motorola, ne-IBM ukuze ibe inkosi yokugcinwa kwe-semiconductor kanye nomkhakha we-CPU.

Njengoba i-Intel iba ngumdlali ovelele embonini, i-silicon nayo yaqeda i-germanium, futhi lokho okwake kwaba yiSanta Clara Valley kwaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi “Silicon Valley”.Kusukela lapho, ama-silicon chips asefana nama-semiconductor chips ekuboneni komphakathi.