Izimfanelo Zomkhiqizo

Bika Iphutha Lolwazi Lomkhiqizo

Buka Okufanayo

Amadokhumenti Nemidiya

Izigaba Zemvelo Nokuthekelisa

isekethe ehlanganisiwe (IC), ebizwa nangokuthi i-microelectronic circuit, microchip, noma chip, inhlangano yeelectronicizingxenye, ezakhiwe njengeyunithi eyodwa, lapho kwakhiwa khona izinto ezincane ezisebenzayo (isb,ama-transistorsfuthiama-diode) kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo (isb.ama-capacitorsfuthiresistors) kanye nokuxhumana kwazo kwakhiwe phezu kwe-substrate encane yei-semiconductorimpahla (imvamisai-silicon).Umphumelaisifundakuncane kanjaloi-monolithic“i-chip,” engase ibe yincane njengamasentimitha-skwele ambalwa noma amamilimitha-skwele ambalwa.Izingxenye zesekethe ngayinye ngokuvamile zinosayizi omncane kakhulu.

 Kuhlanganisiweama-circuits anemvelaphi yawo ekusungulweni kwe-i-transistorngo-1947UWilliam B. Shockleynethimba lakhe kuInkampani yaseMelika yocingo kanye neTelegraph Bell Laboratories.Iqembu likaShockley (kuhlanganiseUJohn BardeenfuthiWalter H. Brattain) uthole ukuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele,ama-electronkungakha umgoqo phezu kwezinyeamakristalu, futhi bafunda ukulawula ukugeleza kweugesingokusebenzisa iikristalungokulawula lesi sithiyo.Ukulawula ukugeleza kwe-electron ngekristalu kwavumela iqembu ukuthi lidale idivayisi engenza imisebenzi ethile kagesi, njengokukhulisa isignali, okwakusenziwa ngaphambilini ngamashubhu e-vacuum.Baqambe le divayisi ngokuthi i-transistor, kusukela kunhlanganisela yamagamaukudlulisafuthiisiphikisa.Ucwaningo lwezindlela zokwenza izinto zikagesi kusetshenziswa izinto eziqinile lwaziwa ngokuthi isimo esiqinileelectronics.Imishini yesimo esiqinileibonakale iqinile kakhulu, kulula ukusebenza ngayo, ithembeke kakhulu, incane kakhulu, futhi ingabizi kakhulu kunamashubhu e-vacuum.Besebenzisa izimiso nezinto zokwakha ezifanayo, onjiniyela ngokushesha bafunda ukwenza ezinye izakhi zikagesi, njengama-resistators nama-capacitor.Manje njengoba izinto zikagesi zingenziwa zibe zincane kangaka, ingxenye enkulu yesekethe yayiwucingo oluxakile phakathi kwemishini.

Izinhlobo ze-IC eziyisisekelo

I-Analogngokumeleneizifunda zedijithali

I-Analog, noma amasekhethi aqondile, ngokuvamile asebenzisa izingxenye ezimbalwa kuphela futhi ngaleyo ndlela angenye yezinhlobo ezilula zama-IC.Ngokuvamile, amasekhethi e-analog axhunywe kumadivayisi aqoqa amasiginali kusuka ku-imvelonoma uthumele amasignali emuva endaweni.Ngokwesibonelo, aumbhobhoiguqula imisindo yephimbo eshintshashintshayo ibe isignali kagesi yamandla ahlukahlukene.Isekhethi ye-analogi ibe isilungisa isignali ngendlela ethile ewusizo—njengokuyikhulisa noma ukuyihluza ngomsindo ongafuneki.Isignali enjalo ingase ibuyiselwe kusipikha, esizokhiqiza amathoni athathwe umbhobho ekuqaleni.Okunye ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwesekethe ye-analog ukulawula idivayisi ethile ngokuphendula izinguquko eziqhubekayo endaweni.Isibonelo, inzwa yezinga lokushisa ithumela isignali ehlukile ku-ai-thermostat, engahle ihlelwe ukuthi ivule futhi ivale i-air conditioner, i-heater, noma ihhavini uma isignali isifinyelele endaweni ethile.inani.

Isekhethi yedijithali, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iklanyelwe ukwamukela kuphela ama-voltage wamanani athile anikeziwe.Isekethe esebenzisa izifunda ezimbili kuphela eyaziwa ngokuthi isekethe kanambambili.Idizayini yesiyingi enamanani kanambambili, “kuvuliwe” kanye “nokuvalwa” okumela u-1 no-0 (okungukuthi, iqiniso noma amanga), isebenzisa ingqondoI-algebra ye-Boolean.(I-Arithmetic nayo yenziwa ku-kanambambili inombolo uhlelosisebenzisa i-Boolean algebra.) Lezi zakhi eziyisisekelo zihlanganiswa ekwakhiweni kwama-ICs amakhompyutha edijithali namadivayisi ahlobene ukuze enze imisebenzi efiselekayo.

I-Microprocessorizifunda

Ama-Microprocessorsama-IC ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.Akhiwe izigidigidiama-transistorsezilungiselelwe njengezinkulungwane zedijithali ngazinyeizifunda, ngayinye eyenza umsebenzi othile wokunengqondo.I-microprocessor yakhiwe ngokuphelele ngalawa masekhethi anengqondo avumelaniswe amanye.Ama-Microprocessors ngokuvamile aqukethe i-iyunithi yokucubungula ephakathi(CPU) yekhompyutha.

Njengebhande elimashayo, amasekhethi enza umsebenzi wawo wokucabanga kuphela lapho eqondiswa umphathi webhendi.I-bandmaster ku-microprocessor, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ibizwa ngokuthi iwashi.Iwashi liwuphawu olushintshana ngokushesha phakathi kwezimo ezimbili ezinengqondo.Ngaso sonke isikhathi iwashi lishintsha isimo, yonke into enengqondoisifundaku-microprocessor yenza okuthile.Izibalo zingenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu, kuye ngesivinini (imvamisa yewashi) ye-microprocessor.

Ama-Microprocessors aqukethe amasekhethi athile, aziwa ngokuthi amarejista, agcina imininingwane.Amarejista ayizindawo zenkumbulo ezinqunywe kusengaphambili.Iphrosesa ngayinye inezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zamarejista.Amarejista ahlala njalo asetshenziselwa ukugcina imiyalelo ehlelwe ngaphambilini edingekayo ekusebenzeni okuhlukahlukene (njengokuhlanganisa nokuphindaphinda).Amarejista esikhashana agcina izinombolo okufanele zisetshenziswe kanye nomphumela.Ezinye izibonelo zamarejista zihlanganisa ikhawunta yohlelo (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-instruction pointer), equkethe ikheli eliyisikhumbuzo somyalelo olandelayo;i-stack pointer (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi irejista yesitaki), equkethe ikheli lomyalelo wokugcina ofakwe endaweni yenkumbulo ebizwa ngokuthi isitaki;kanye nerejista yekheli lememori, equkethe ikheli lalapho iidathaokuzosetshenzwa kukho noma lapho idatha esetshenziwe izogcinwa khona.

Ama-Microprocessors angenza izigidigidi zokusebenza ngomzuzwana kudatha.Ngokungeziwe kumakhompiyutha, ama-microprocessors ajwayelekile kuamasistimu wegeyimu yevidiyo,amathelevishini,amakhamera, futhiizimoto.

Inkumbuloizifunda

Ama-Microprocessors ngokuvamile kufanele agcine idatha eningi kunaleyo engabanjwa kumarejista ambalwa.Lolu lwazi olwengeziwe luthuthelwe kumasekhethi enkumbulo akhethekile.Inkumbuloyakhiwe ngohlelo oluminyene lwamasekhethi afanayo asebenzisa isimo sawo kagesi ukuze agcine ulwazi.Imemori iphinde igcine ukulandelana kwesikhashana kwemiyalelo, noma uhlelo, lwe-microprocessor.

Abakhiqizi baqhubeka belwela ukunciphisa usayizi wamasekhethi enkumbulo—ukukhulisa amandla ngaphandle kokwandisa isikhala.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye ezincane ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amandla amancane, zisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi zibiza kancane ukuzenza.