I-TPA3116D2DADR entsha neyoqobo Izingxenye ze-electronics zesekethe ehlanganisiwe ye-IC Chips

Ezinsukwini zokuqala ze-chip semiconductor, i-silicon yayingeyena umlingisi oyinhloko, i-germanium yayiyi.I-transistor yokuqala yayiyi-germanium-based transistor futhi i-chip yokuqala edidiyelwe yesekethe kwakuyi-germanium chip.
I-transistor yokuqala yasungulwa nguBardeen noBratton, abasungula i-bipolar transistor (BJT).I-P/N junction diode yokuqala yasungulwa ngu-Shockley futhi, ngokushesha, lolu hlobo lwe-junction oluklanywe u-Shockley lwaba uhlaka olujwayelekile lwe-BJT futhi luyasebenza namuhla.Bobathathu baphinde baklonyeliswa ngeNobel Prize in Physics ngalowo nyaka ngo-1956.
I-transistor ingaqondwa kalula njengokushintshwa okuncane.Kuye ngezakhiwo ze-semiconductor, i-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-N ingakhiwa ngokufaka i-semiconductor nge-phosphorus kanye ne-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-P ene-boron.Inhlanganisela ye-N-type kanye ne-P-type semiconductors yakha i-PN junction, isakhiwo esibalulekile kuma-chips electronic;lokhu kuvumela imisebenzi ethile enengqondo ukuthi yenziwe (njengamasango, noma-amasango, okungewona amasango, njll.)
I-Germanium, nokho, inezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu, njengokungasebenzi kahle kwe-interface ku-semiconductor, ukungazinzi kahle kwe-thermal, nokuntuleka kwama-oxide aminyene.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-germanium iyisici esiyivelakancane, enezingxenye ezingu-7 kuphela esigidini ngasinye oqweqweni lomhlaba, kanti i-germanium ores nayo ihlakazeke kakhulu.Kungenxa yokuthi i-germanium iyivelakancane kakhulu futhi ayigxilile ukuthi izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-germanium zihlala ziphezulu;izinto azivamile, futhi izindleko eziphakeme zezinto zokusetshenziswa kwenza i-germanium transistors ingabizi, ngakho-ke kunzima ukukhiqiza ama-germanium transistors ngezinga elikhulu.

Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bagxumela phezulu futhi babheka isici se-silicon.Ungasho ukuthi konke ukushiyeka kwe-germanium kuyizinzuzo zemvelo ze-silicon.

I-silicon iyisici sesibili esichichima kakhulu ngemva komoya-mpilo, kodwa awukwazi ukuthola ama-silicon monomers emvelweni;izinhlanganisela zayo ezivame kakhulu silica kanye silicates.Kulezi, i-silica yona ingenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zesihlabathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-feldspar, i-granite, ne-quartz zonke zisekelwe kuma-silica-oxygen compounds.

I-silicon izinzile ngokushisa, ine-oxide eqinile, ephezulu ye-dielectric engaguquki, futhi ingalungiseka kalula ngesixhumi esibonakalayo se-silicon-silicon oxide esinokulimala okumbalwa kakhulu kobuso.

I-Silicon oxide ayincibiliki emanzini (i-germanium oxide iyancibilika emanzini) futhi ayincibiliki kuma-asidi amaningi, okumane kufane kahle nendlela yokuphrinta yokugqwala esetshenziselwa amabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe.Umkhiqizo wale nhlanganisela inqubo eyisicaba yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe aqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku.
Amakholomu ekristalu ye-silicon

Uhambo lukaSilicon ukuya phezulu
Ibhizinisi elihlulekile: Kuthiwa u-Shockley wabona ithuba elikhulu lemakethe ngesikhathi kungekho muntu owayesephumelele ukwenza i-silicon transistor;yingakho ashiya iBell Labs ngo-1956 wayovula eyakhe inkampani eCalifornia.Ngeshwa, u-Shockley wayengeyena usomabhizinisi osezingeni eliphezulu futhi ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi lakhe kwaba umsebenzi oyisiwula uma kuqhathaniswa namakhono akhe ezifundweni.Ngakho uShockley ngokwakhe akazange afeze isifiso sokushintsha i-germanium nge-silicon, futhi isiteji sempilo yakhe yonke kwakuyinkundla yesikhulumi eNyuvesi yaseStanford.Ngemva konyaka yasungulwa, izinsizwa eziyisishiyagalombili ezinamathalente ayeziqashile zahlubuka kuye ngobuningi, futhi kwakungamambuka “ayisishiyagalombili” okwakufanele aqedele isifiso sokushintsha i-germanium nge-silicon.

Ukuphakama kwe-silicon transistor

Ngaphambi kokuthi i-Eight Renegades isungule i-Fairchild Semiconductor, ama-germanium transistors ayeyimakethe ehamba phambili yama-transistors, cishe ama-transistors ayizigidi ezingama-30 akhiqizwa e-United States ngo-1957, yisigidi esisodwa kuphela sama-silicon transistors kanye nama-germanium transistors acishe abe yizigidi ezingama-29.Ngesabelo semakethe esingama-20%, i-Texas Instruments ibe enkulu emakethe ye-transistor.
I-Eight Renegades kanye ne-Fairchild Semiconductor

Amakhasimende amakhulu emakethe, uhulumeni wase-US namasosha, afuna ukusebenzisa ama-chip ngobuningi kumarokhethi nemicibisholo, akhulise umthwalo obalulekile wokwethulwa kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuthembeka kwamatheminali okulawula.Kodwa ama-transistors azophinde abhekane nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima ezibangelwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokudlidliza okunobudlova.

I-Germanium ingeyokuqala ukulahlekelwa uma kuziwa ezingeni lokushisa: ama-germanium transistors angakwazi ukumelana nezinga lokushisa elingu-80°C kuphela, kuyilapho izidingo zamasosha ziwumsebenzi ozinzile ngisho naku-200°C.Ama-silicon transistors kuphela angakwazi ukumelana nalokhu kushisa.
I-transistor yendabuko ye-silicon

U-Fairchild wasungula inqubo yokwenza ama-silicon transistors, awenze abe lula futhi asebenze njengezincwadi eziphrintiwe futhi ashibhe kakhulu kunama-germanium transistors ngokwenani.Inqubo ka-Fairchild yokwenza i-silicon transistors ilukhuni kanje.

Okokuqala, isakhiwo sidwetshwa ngesandla, ngezinye izikhathi sibe sikhulu kangangokuthi sithatha udonga, bese umdwebo uthwetshulwa futhi uncishiswe ube ishidi elincane elikhanyayo, ngokuvamile elinemizila emibili yamashidi amathathu, ngamunye omele ungqimba lokujikeleza.

Okwesibili, ungqimba lwento ezwela ukukhanya lusetshenziswa kusinkwa esiyisinkwa se-silicon esisikiwe nesiphucuziwe, futhi i-UV/laser isetshenziselwa ukuvikela iphethini yesekethi eshidini lokukhanyisa ingene kusicwecwana se-silicon.

Okwesithathu, izindawo nemigqa engxenyeni emnyama yeshidi le-transillumination ishiya amaphethini angaveziwe ku-wafer ye-silicon;lawa maphethini angadalulwanga ahlanzwa ngesisombululo se-asidi, futhi noma ukungcola kwe-semiconductor kuyengezwa (isu lokusabalalisa) noma ama-conductors ensimbi afakwe.

Okwesine, ukuphinda izinyathelo ezintathu ezingenhla ku-wafer ngayinye ekhanyayo, izinombolo ezinkulu zama-transistors zingatholakala kuma-silicon wafers, asikwa izisebenzi zabesifazane ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu bese zixhunywa ezintanjeni, bese ziyapakishwa, zihlolwe, futhi zidayiswe.

Njengoba ama-silicon transistors etholakala ngobuningi, abasunguli abayisishiyagalombili be-Fairchild babephakathi kwezinkampani ezazikwazi ukuma eceleni kwama-giants afana ne-Texas Instruments.

I-push ebalulekile - Intel
Kwaba ukusungulwa okwalandela kwesekethe ehlanganisiwe eyafingqa ukubusa kwe-germanium.Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona imigqa yobuchwepheshe emibili, eyodwa yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe kuma-germanium chips avela e-Texas Instruments kanye nowodwa wamasekethe ahlanganisiwe kuma-silicon chips avela ku-Fairchild.Ekuqaleni, lezi zinkampani ezimbili zaba nengxabano eshubile mayelana nobunikazi bamalungelo obunikazi kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe, kodwa kamuva Ihhovisi Lelungelo Lobunikazi labona ubunikazi bamalungelo obunikazi kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe yizinkampani zombili.
Kodwa-ke, njengoba inqubo kaFairchild yayithuthuke kakhulu, yaba indinganiso yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe futhi isaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa nanamuhla.Kamuva, uNoyce, umsunguli wesekethe edidiyelwe, kanye noMoore, umsunguli we-Moore's Law, bashiya i-Centron Semiconductor, okwathi, ngeshwa, bobabili babengamalungu "Eight Traitors".Bekanye noGrove, bakha lokho manje okuyinkampani enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yama-semiconductor chip, i-Intel.
Abasunguli abathathu be-Intel, ukusuka kwesokunxele: Grove, Noyce, noMoore

Ekuthuthukisweni okwalandela, i-Intel yaphusha ama-silicon chips.Ishaye imidondoshiya efana ne-Texas Instruments, i-Motorola, ne-IBM ukuze ibe yinkosi yomkhakha wokugcinwa kwe-semiconductor kanye ne-CPU.

Njengoba i-Intel iba ngumdlali ovelele embonini, i-silicon nayo yaqeda i-germanium, futhi lokho okwake kwaba yiSanta Clara Valley kwaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi “Silicon Valley”.Kusukela lapho, ama-silicon chips asefana nama-semiconductor chips ekubonweni komphakathi.

I-Germanium, nokho, inezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu ukuzixazulula, njengokushiyeka okuningi kwe-interface yama-semiconductors, ukuqina okuphansi kwe-thermal, nokuntuleka kwama-oxide aminyene.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-germanium iyisici esiyivelakancane, enezingxenye ezingu-7 kuphela esigidini ngasinye oqweqweni lomhlaba, kanti i-germanium ores nayo ihlakazeke kakhulu.Kungenxa yokuthi i-germanium iyivelakancane kakhulu futhi ayigxilile ukuthi izindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-germanium zihlala ziphezulu;izinto azivamile, futhi izindleko eziphakeme zezinto zokusetshenziswa kwenza i-germanium transistors ingabizi, ngakho-ke kunzima ukukhiqiza ama-germanium transistors ngezinga elikhulu.

Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bagxumela phezulu futhi babheka isici se-silicon.Ungasho ukuthi bonke ubuthakathaka bemvelo be-germanium amandla emvelo e-silicon.

I-silicon iyisici sesibili esichichima kakhulu ngemva komoya-mpilo, kodwa awukwazi ukuthola ama-silicon monomers emvelweni;izinhlanganisela zayo ezivame kakhulu silica kanye silicates.Kulezi, i-silica yona ingenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zesihlabathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-feldspar, i-granite, ne-quartz zonke zisekelwe kuma-silica-oxygen compounds.

I-silicon izinzile ngokushisa, ine-oxide eqinile, ephezulu ye-dielectric engaguquki, futhi ingalungiseka kalula ngesixhumi esibonakalayo se-silicon-silicon oxide esinokulimala okumbalwa kakhulu kobuso.

I-Silicon oxide ayincibiliki emanzini (i-germanium oxide iyancibilika emanzini) futhi ayincibiliki kuma-asidi amaningi, okumane kufane kahle nendlela yokuphrinta yokugqwala esetshenziselwa amabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe.Umkhiqizo wale nhlanganisela yinqubo ehlanganisiwe yepulani yesifunda eqhubekayo kuze kube yilolu suku.