Chip Kingdom, Israel

Ukungqubuzana kwe-Israel-Palestine kuya ngokuba kubi kakhulu.Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 14, 2023, uMnyango Wezempilo wasePalestine uthe umzuliswano wamanje wezingxabano zase-Israel-Palestine ubulale amaPalestine ayi-1,949 futhi walimaza abangaphezu kuka-8,600.Imithombo yakwa-Israyeli ibeke isibalo sabashonile ngaphezu kwe-1,300 kanye nenani labalimele okungenani abangama-3,484.

Umthelela wokungqubuzana ususabalele ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka ngama-chip, futhi kubikwa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa nokusebenza kokuhlelwa kwe-Israels electronics supply chain nakho kuthintekile.

I-Israel, “izwe elincane” elisogwadule lwaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, empeleni “iwumbuso wamaphuphu.”Endaweni, cishe kunezinkampani zama-chip ezingama-200, futhi izinkampani ezinkulu zama-chip emhlabeni zenza ucwaningo nentuthuko kwa-Israel, futhi kunezindwangu ezimbalwa kwa-Israel.

Yini eyenza u-Israyeli abe “umbuso we-chip”?

01. U-Israel akasona “isibusiso” sama-semiconductors

I-Israel, ingxenye yesibili kwezintathu yayo ewugwadule, inabantu abangaphansi kwezigidi eziyi-10.

Izwe elincane kangaka elinezimo ezimbi linezinkampani zama-chip ezibalelwa ku-200, ezihlanganisa izikhungo zocwaningo nentuthuko zezikhondlakhondla ezifana ne-Apple, Samsung, Qualcomm, futhi zithembele ezimbonini zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ukuthi zibe ukuphela kwezwe elithuthukile eMpumalanga Ephakathi.

U-Israyeli wakwenza kanjani, futhi kwenzekani embonini yakhe ye-semiconductor?

Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-3 000 edlule, umprofethi uMose wahola amaJuda ewakhipha eGibhithe waya eKhanani, phakathi kweNayile ne-Ewufrathe, ayekholelwa ukuthi ‘iZwe Lesithembiso’ likaNkulunkulu lobisi noju.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa uMbuso WamaRoma, amaJuda aqala ukuzulazula iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2 000.Kwaze kwaba ngo-1948 lapho izwe lakwa-Israyeli lamiswa, izwe elalingamaJuda amaningi ekugcineni lamiswa, futhi amaJuda abuyela “eZweni Lesithembiso” lawo.

Kodwa u-Israyeli wayengenabisi nezinyosi.

Yilona kuphela izwe eMpumalanga Ephakathi elingenawo uwoyela negesi, elinendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-25,700 kuphela, umhlaba ompofu, ukuntuleka kwamanzi, ukungazinzi kwezwe, kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwamazwe ase-Arab azungezile akuzange kuxazululwe, kungashiwo. ukuthi izimo zokuzalwa zakwa-Israyeli azinanzuzo.

Kodwa-ke, i-Israel ukuphela kwezwe elithuthukile eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eline-GDP yomuntu ngamunye engama- $ 54,710 ngo-2022, ikleliswe endaweni ye-14 emhlabeni.

Ukuhlaziywa okucophelelayo kwesakhiwo sezimboni zakwa-Israel, ngo-2022, imboni yemfundo ephakeme yathatha ama-70% esamba se-GDP, lapho imboni yezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu iphezulu kakhulu kunemboni yezinkonzo zendabuko.Ngokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu okubalelwa ku-54% wengqikithi yokuthunyelwa kwempahla yakwa-Israyeli ngo-2021, kungashiwo ukuthi imboni yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu iwumgogodla womnotho wakwa-Israel.Imboni ye-semiconductor, ehlanganisa amaphesenti angu-16 okuthunyelwa kwe-high-tech, iyindawo ekhanyayo.

Umlando we-semiconductor yakwa-Israel awukaqali, kodwa uthuthuke ngokushesha, futhi sekuyisifunda esihamba phambili emhlabeni se-semiconductor ngesikhathi esifushane.

Ngo-1964, umkhiqizi wemishini yezokuxhumana yaseMelika wasungula isikhungo sokuqala socwaningo nentuthuko ye-semiconductor kwa-Israel, okuphawula ukuqala kwemboni ye-semiconductor kwa-Israel.

Ngo-1974, inkampani yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ye-semiconductor, enekomkhulu e-Santa Clara, eCalifornia, yancengwa ngabasebenzi bayo bakwa-Israel ukuthi ivule isikhungo sayo sokuqala se-R&D ngaphandle kwase-United States eHaifa, kwa-Israel.Kusukela lapho, imboni ye-semiconductor yakwa-Israyeli isiqalile.

Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, ama-semiconductors anamuhla ase-Israel asephenduke amandla okufanele abhekwe.Emphakathini ongaphansi kwezigidi eziyi-10, kunonjiniyela bama-chip abangaphezu kuka-30,000 kanye nezinkampani zama-chip ezicishe zibe ngu-200, eziqhuba ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile ukuqashwa.

02. U-Israyeli uwumbuso wokuqala wama-semiconductors, kodwa azikho izinkampani zama-chip ezinkulu ezivela kwa-Israel.

U-Israyeli uyindawo encane yomhlaba, ugwadule, izinsiza ezimpofu, akulona izwe lezinsiza, alikwazi ukukhiqiza izinto zokwakha ze-semiconductor.Ngokuya ngaphansi kwezimo zendawo, imboni ye-semiconductor yakwa-Israyeli inezici eziyingqayizivele: okokuqala, ukwakheka kwama-chip;Okwesibili, iningi lawo ngamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo, angenazo iziqhwaga zendawo;Okwesithathu ukuthola izindlela phakathi kweChina ne-United States nokugxila kwezamabhizinisi.

Isizathu sokuklama kwe-chip kulula kakhulu ukusiqonda, asikwazi ukwenza izitini ngaphandle kotshani!Izwe lakwa-Israyeli alinazo izinsiza, futhi lingathembela kuphela ezingqondweni ezikhanyayo zama-Israyeli ukuthatha umzila wokuklama ophezulu.

I-chip design ingumphefumulo wemboni ye-semiconductor yakwa-Israel.Ngokwezibalo, i-Israel cishe inamaphesenti angu-8 ethalente lokuklama ama-chip emhlabeni kanye nezinkampani zocwaningo nentuthuko.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2021, ingqikithi yezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezingama-37 kwa-Israel zisebenza embonini ye-semiconductor.

Izitshalo zokukhiqiza zakwa-Israel zimbalwa, kodwa azikho.I-Israel njengamanje inezisekelo ezinhlanu zama-wafer.Emishinini ye-semiconductor, kunezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinkampani zasekhaya.

Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwamanje kochungechunge lwemboni ye-chips yakwa-Israel ikakhulukazi yakhiwe izinkampani zokuklama amashiphu e-fabless, izikhungo zocwaningo nentuthuko zezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, izinkampani zemishini ye-semiconductor kanye nezimboni ezimbalwa zama-wafer.

Kodwa-ke, ama-chip giants amaningi kangaka aku-layout yakwa-Israel, kungani u-Israyeli engazalanga umdondoshiya onjalo?

Okuningi kwalokhu kuhlobene nendlela amabhizinisi akwa-Israel asetshenziswa ngayo.

I-Israel iyizwe elinosomabhizinisi.Njengoba kunezinkampani zobuchwepheshe eziqanjiwe ezingaphezu kuka-7,000, i-Israel inenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinkampani eziqalayo emhlabeni, okulingana nosomabhizinisi oyedwa kubantu abayi-1,400, futhi isilinganiso somuntu ngamunye sokuqalisa asinakuqhathaniswa.

Embonini ye-semiconductor, ngo-2020, i-Israel yakleliswa endaweni yesibili emhlabeni ngokwenani labaqalayo be-semiconductor, ngemuva kwe-United States.

Ngenxa yokuthi bathanda ukusungulwa kanye “nezigigaba ezintsha” kakhulu, abaphezulu be-semiconductor kwa-Israyeli bazisungulele ezabo izinkampani ze-semiconductor, bebheka ama-chip giants amaningi endawo, hhayi ukuba abe noma adlule, kodwa ukuze bathole!

Ngakho-ke, indlela yezinkampani eziningi ze-semiconductor yakwa-Israel ifana nalokhu: setha isiqalo - impumelelo emkhakheni - etholwe ngumuntu omkhulu - qala umzuliswano olandelayo wokuhweba.

Ngalesi sizathu, izinkampani eziningi zakwa-Israel ezingamakhulu ezinkampani eziqalayo zigxile kubuchwepheshe bokupholisha esikhundleni sebhizinisi nokusebenza.

Futhi, bhekisisa imakethe ye-semiconductor kwa-Israyeli.Inkumbuloyenza isabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke semakethe ye-semiconductor yakwa-Israeli, elandelwa yiukuphathwa kwamandla ics, ama-logic chips, Ekubonisweni Kwesikrini, kanyeama-analog chips.

Imakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yama-semiconductors kwa-Israel ukucubungula idatha, kulandelwa ukuxhumana, izimboni, ugesi wabathengi kanyeukushayela okuzimele.

Ngemva kokuthola indlela yayo, i-semiconductor yakwa-Israel ikhule ngokuqhubekayo njalo ngonyaka, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi imali engenayo yemakethe ye-semiconductor yakwa-Israeli ingafinyelela ku-$1.14 billion ngo-2023. Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi i-China iyimakethe enkulu yabathengi yama-semiconductors ase-Israel.

Ngo-2018, lapho kugqashuka umdlalo we-Sino-US, ukuthunyelwa kwe-semiconductor yakwa-Israel eya e-China kukhuphuke ngokuqondile ngo-80%, futhi ama-semiconductors avele abe yingxenye ebalulekile yobudlelwano bezomnotho phakathi kwe-China ne-Israel, futhi idatha yakamuva ibonisa ukuthi i-China iseyiyona enkulu kunazo zonke. umthengisi wama-chips wakwa-Israel ngo-2021.

03. I-Israel inethalente elanele kanye nemali yokusekela i-Israel Semiconductor

“Izimo ezizalwa nazo” zika-Israyeli zimbi kakhulu, kungani u-Israyeli engakhula abe umbuso oyisiphukuphuku?

Impendulo emfushane ithi: icebile futhi ixhumeke kahle.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimuphi umugqa womsebenzi.I-Capital ihlale iyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi embonini ye-semiconductor.

I-Semiconductor iyimboni edinga ukuqhubeka ishisa imali, futhi ukuphonsa imali eningi akusho ukuthi kunemiphumela, imboni ebuyayo futhi enobungozi obukhulu.Izinkampani ze-semiconductor eziqalayo zifuna ukuphila, akulula, iphutha lingamoshwa, izinga lokubekezelela iphutha liphansi kakhulu.

Kuleli qophelo, indima ye-venture capital ibaluleke kakhulu.I-Venture capital isho ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabatshalizimali abanamandla ezezimali ukuze baxhase osomabhizinisi abanobuchwepheshe obukhethekile kanye namathemba amahle okuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe, kodwa ukuntuleka kwemali yokuqala, futhi kubeke engcupheni yokwehluleka kokutshalwa kwezimali esigabeni sokuqala.

Isizinda sesayensi nobuchwepheshe bomhlaba wonke - iSilicon Valley, isihluthulelo sempumelelo yayo uhlelo lwezemvelo lwebhizinisi elivuthiwe, elithuthukisa kakhulu izinga lokubekezelela amaphutha ezinkampanini eziqalayo, futhi linikeze indawo yokukhosela ezinkampanini eziqalayo.

Futhi i-Tel Aviv, inhloko-dolobha yakwa-Israel, njengendawo yokuqoqa izimali ezishisiwe, inezinga eliphezulu lomsebenzi ekuhwebeni kwezivumelwano zobuchwepheshe (ukugeleza kwephrojekthi ye-ecology emisha), isibili ngemuva kweSilicon Valley.Ngokombiko, amaphesenti angu-11 okutshalwa kwezimali kwe-VC emhlabeni wonke ku-Industry 4.0 aya ezinkampanini zakwa-Israel.Ngo-2021, inani lemali etshalwe kwa-Israyeli lafinyelela ku- $ 10.8 billion, izikhathi ezingama-28 kune-United States, kanye nenani lemali etshalwe kwa-Israel ngo-2022, naphezu kokwehla, lafinyelela ku-$8.1 billion.

Ngaphezu kokungena kwezimali ezinkulu, uhulumeni wakwa-Israel uphinde wahlinzeka ngemithetho yokuvikela kanye noxhaso lwezimali zokuqalisa.

Emuva ngo-1984, u-Israyeli waphasisa uMthetho Wokukhuthazwa Kocwaningo Lwezimboni Nokuthuthukiswa, noma “uMthetho we-R&D.”

Ngaphansi kwalo mthetho, amaphrojekthi e-R&D agunyazwe yi-OCS ahlangabezana nemibandela ethile futhi agunyazwe Ihhovisi Lososayensi Omkhulu afanelekela ukuxhaswa ngemali engafika kumaphesenti angu-50 ezindleko ezigunyaziwe.Ngokushintshanisa, umamukeli kudingeka akhokhe izinzuzo ze-OCS.Umamukeli kufanele athumele imibiko yezikhathi ezithile ezinzuzweni ezikhokhelwa i-OCS, enelungelo lokuhlola izincwadi zomamukeli.

Mayelana nentela, i-Israel iphinde inikeze izinqubomgomo ezikhethwayo kumabhizinisi obuchwepheshe obuphezulu.Ngo-1985, intela yebhizinisi yakwa-Israyeli yayingamaphesenti angu-61;ngo-2022, lase lehle lafinyelela kumaphesenti angama-23.I-Israel iphinde ibe noMthetho wama-Angles okhethekile ohlinzeka ngezinxephezelo zentela kubatshalizimali abazimele ezinkampanini ezisencane, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinekhono lokucwaninga nentuthuko.

I-Israel inemithetho yokukhuthaza i-R&D nokuqamba izinto ezintsha, kanye nokuqapha lapho kusetshenziswa khona izimali kanye nemiphumela yamaphrojekthi.Nikeza imali ngokukhululekile, imali ingabuye isetshenziswe emaphethelweni ommese, yenza kabili umphumela.

Uxhaso lukahulumeni “olunesandla esivulekile” kanye nemboni enkulu yemali eyenza izinkampani zakwa-Israeli ze-semiconductor “zikwazi ukusebenza kahle ngokwezimali.”

Ngaphezu kwemali, umuntu kufanele akwenze.

Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-70 abantu bakwa-Israyeli bangamaJuda.Uma kukhulunywa ngamaJuda, “inkolelo-mbono” yobuhlakani bawo obuphakeme ivela ngokushesha.

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi amaJuda avelele ngempela yini ngokofuzo, kodwa kuyiqiniso ukuthi anabantu abaningi abafundile kakhulu.

Ngokusho kwedatha, abacwaningi besayensi bakwa-Israyeli benza i-6% yabantu bezwe, ososayensi abangu-135 nonjiniyela kubantu abangu-10,000, ngaphezu kwe-United States yabantu abangu-85, ingxenye yokuqala yomhlaba.U-77% wama-Israel uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-12 yemfundo, u-20% wabantu baneziqu zasenyuvesi, futhi kukhona abafundi basekolishi abacela ku-200,000 ezweni.

Ngaphezu kokwazisa amathalente amaningi omdabu akhiqizwa yimfundo, u-Israel uphinde athole inani elikhulu lezifiki ezifunde kakhulu.

AmaJuda ane "iphupho labo lokubuyisela" eliyingqayizivele, ngakho-ke ngemva kokusungulwa kuka-Israyeli kumenyezelwe "uMthetho Wokubuya", okungukuthi, noma yimuphi umJuda emhlabeni uma esethuthele kwa-Israyeli, angathola ubuzwe bakwa-Israyeli.

Abafuduki abangamaJuda abavela emazweni athuthukile kanye nezwe elaliyiSoviet Union baletha isayensi eningi nobuchwepheshe kwa-Israyeli, okwadlala indima enkulu ekusungulweni kwe-Israel.Lezi zifiki ngokuvamile zinezinga eliphakeme lemfundo, kukhona onjiniyela abaningi abahle kakhulu, lamathalenta adlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yakwa-Israyeli yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.

04. Isifinyezo

Isifunda sasendulo saseKhanani, “iZwe Lesithembiso” eliyinganekwane, no-Israyeli wangempela, cishe ‘zazingenalutho.

EMpumalanga Ephakathi, egcwele ugwadule, i-Israel, ngokusungula izinto ezintsha, imali enkulu kanye namanye amasu, iye yakwenza ngenxa yokungalungi kwayo kwemvelo kanye nokushiyeka kokuzalwa, futhi isiphenduke imboni ye-semiconductor yomhlaba ngesikhathi esifushane.Kuyacaca ukuthi “inganekwane” ka-Israyeli eyisemiconductor ayisona isithembiso sikaNkulunkulu, kodwa izinkulungwane zikaMose nenzalo yakhe.