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I. Yini i-chip

I-chip, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-microcircuit, microchip, noma i-integrated circuit (IC), iyi-silicon chip equkethe isekethe ehlanganisiwe, evamise ukuba yincane ngosayizi futhi ngokuvamile ibe yingxenye yekhompyutha noma enye idivayisi kagesi.

I-chip yitemu elijwayelekile lomkhiqizo wengxenye ye-semiconductor, umthwali wesekethe ehlanganisiwe, eyakhiwe ngamawafa.

I-wafer ucezu oluncane lwe-silicon oluqukethe isekethe ehlanganisiwe eyingxenye yekhompuyutha noma enye into kagesi.

II.Iyini i-semiconductor

I-semiconductor iyimpahla enezici zokuqhuba phakathi kwaleyo kakhondatha kanye ne-insulator ekamelweni lokushisa.Isibonelo, i-diode iyithuluzi elenziwe nge-semiconductor.I-semiconductor yinto ekwazi ukulawulwa ukuqhutshwa kwayo kukagesi futhi ingasukela ku-insulator kuye ku-conductor.

Ukubaluleka kwama-semiconductors kukhulu kakhulu, ngokobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa komnotho.Iningi lemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi yanamuhla, njengamakhompiyutha, omakhalekhukhwini, namarekhodi edijithali, amayunithi ayo abalulekile axhumene kakhulu nama-semiconductors.

Izinto ezijwayelekile ze-semiconductor zifaka i-silicon, i-germanium, ne-gallium arsenide, kanti i-silicon inethonya elikhulu kwezentengiselwano lezinto ezihlukahlukene ze-semiconductor.

Indaba ikhona ngezinhlobo ezahlukene - okuqinile, okuwuketshezi, igesi, i-plasma, njll. Sivame ukubhekisela ezintweni ezinokusebenza kabi kukagesi, njengamalahle, amakristalu okwenziwa, inhlaka, nezitsha zobumba, njengezivikeli mandla.

Futhi izinsimbi ezisebenza kakhulu njengegolide, isiliva, ithusi, insimbi, ithini, i-aluminium, njll. zibizwa ngokuthi ama-conductor.Izinto eziwela phakathi kwama-conductor nama-insulators zingamane zibizwe ngokuthi ama-semiconductors.

III.Iyini isifunda esihlanganisiwe

Isekethe edidiyelwe (IC) iyisisetshenziswa sikagesi esincane noma ingxenye.

Ngokusebenzisa inqubo ethile, ama-transistors, resistors, capacitor, kanye nama-inductors adingekayo kusekethe kanye nezintambo axhunywa ndawonye, ​​enziwe ngocezu oluncane noma izingcezu ezimbalwa zama-wafers we-semiconductor noma ama-substrates e-dielectric, abese embozwa egobolondweni leshubhu, abe i-microstructure enomsebenzi wesifunda odingekayo.

Zonke izingxenye ezikuyo zakhiwe ngendlela ehlelekile sezizonke, okwenza izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi zibe yisinyathelo esikhulu ekufezeni i-miniaturization, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ukuhlakanipha, nokuthembeka okuphezulu.Imelelwa kusekethe ngezinhlamvu ezithi "IC".

Abasunguli bamasekhethi ahlanganisiwe kwakungu-Jack Kilby (amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe asekelwe ku-germanium (Ge)) no-Robert Noyes (amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe asekelwe ku-silicon (Si)).Iningi lezicelo embonini ye-semiconductor namuhla ngamasekethe ahlanganisiwe asuselwa ku-silicon.

Isekethe edidiyelwe wuhlobo olusha lwedivayisi ye-semiconductor eyakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 nawo-1960.

Kuyinqubo yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor efana ne-oxidation, i-photolithography, i-diffusion, i-epitaxy, kanye nokuhwamuka kwe-aluminium, ehlanganisa ama-semiconductors, ama-resistors, ama-capacitor, nezinye izakhi ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe isifunda esinemisebenzi ethile kanye nezintambo ezixhuma phakathi kwazo zonke ucezu oluncane lwe-silicon, bese lushiselwa futhi lufakwe endaweni ye-tube yezindlu zamadivaysi kagesi.Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagobolondo okupakisha njengamagobolondo ayindilinga, ayisicaba noma aphakathi komugqa.

Ubuchwepheshe besekethe obuhlanganisiwe buhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-chip kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuklama, ikakhulukazi emishinini yokucubungula, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula, ukupakisha nokuhlola, ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi, kanye nekhono lokuklama izinto ezintsha.